ВСН 045-72
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<title>Óêàçàíèÿ ïî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèþ äðåíàæà ïîäçåìíûõ ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ñîîðóæåíèé</title>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÝÍÅÐÃÅÒÈÊÈ È
ÝËÅÊÒÐÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ ÑÑÑÐ</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>ÃËÀÂÍÈÈÏÐÎÅÊÒ</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>ÓÊÀÇÀÍÈß <br>
ÏÎ
ÏÐÎÅÊÒÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÞ ÄÐÅÍÀÆÀ ÏÎÄÇÅÌÍÛÕ <br>
ÃÈÄÐÎÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÑÎÎÐÓÆÅÍÈÉ</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>ÂÑÍ 045-72</span></u><u></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>ÌÝ è Ý ÑÑÑÐ</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>ÌÎÑÊÂÀ 1973</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Â Óêàçàíèÿõ ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ
êîíñòðóêòèâíûå ôîðìû, ýëåìåíòû è ñõåìû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ äðåíàæåé â çàâèñèìîñòè îò
ãèäðîãåîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé, ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ôèëüòðàöèîííûå ðàñ÷åòû îáùèõ è ìåñòíûõ
äðåíàæåé è ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé öåìåíòàöèè.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ïîñêîëüêó ðàáîòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïåðâîé ïîïûòêîé îáîáùåíèÿ è ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðîåêòèðîâàíèþ ýòîé
êàòåãîðèè ñîîðóæåíèé, â íåé ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ïðèìåðû ïîñòðîåííûõ äðåíàæåé â ïîäçåìíîì
ñòðîèòåëüñòâå ñ ïîäðîáíûìè ññûëêàìè íà òåõíè÷åñêóþ ëèòåðàòóðó.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Óêàçàíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü òàêæå
èñïîëüçîâàíû ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ òóííåëåé, ïîäçåìíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé
ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ, ãîðíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïî äîáû÷å ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ è äð.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà èíñòèòóòîì
«Ãèäðîïðîåêò» èìåíè Ñ.ß. Æóêà - êàíäèäàòîì òåõíè÷åñêèõ íàóê Í.ß. Âàéíøòåéíîì è
èíæåíåðîì Â.Ô. Èëþøèíûì, ÃðóçÍÈÈÝÃÑ - êàíäèäàòîì òåõíè÷åñêèõ íàóê Â.Ì.
Íàñáåðãîì.</span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc73765363">ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ</a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Â äåéñòâóþùèõ óêàçàíèÿõ è
íîðìàõ íà ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ òóííåëåé è öåìåíòàöèè â íèõ
ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ðàñ÷åòàì è êîíñòðóêöèÿì äðåíàæåé, à òàêæå ïî ðàñ÷åòàì
ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé öåìåíòàöèè îòñóòñòâóþò. Îáùèå æå óêàçàíèÿ â ýòèõ
íîðìàòèâíûõ äîêóìåíòàõ ïî êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêå ýôôåêòà, äîñòèãàåìîãî
ïðèìåíåíèåì äðåíàæåé è öåìåíòàöèè, ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íû.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Óêàçàííûé ïðîáåë â
íîðìàòèâíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ îñîáî îñòðî îùóùàåòñÿ ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè êðóïíûõ
ïîäçåìíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà çíà÷èòåëüíîé ãëóáèíå ïîä óðîâíåì
ãðóíòîâûõ âîä èëè ïîä ëîæåì âîäîõðàíèëèùà, êîãäà äàâëåíèå ãðóíòîâûõ âîä
ñòàíîâèòñÿ îñíîâíîé íàãðóçêîé íà îáäåëêè.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Åñëè îáäåëêà òóííåëè èëè
øàõòû èìååò ìåòàëëè÷åñêóþ îáëèöîâêó, òî íåäîó÷åò íàãðóçêè îò äàâëåíèÿ ãðóíòîâûõ
âîä ìîæåò ïðèíåñòè ê âûïó÷èâàíèþ è äàæå ðàçðóøåíèþ îáëèöîâêè ïðè îïîðîæíåíèè
òóííåëÿ.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ñ ïîìîùüþ ðàçãðóçî÷íûõ
äðåíàæåé ãèäðîñòàòè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå ãðóíòîâûõ âîä íà îáäåëêè îêàçûâàåòñÿ
âîçìîæíûì óìåíüøèòü âî ìíîãî ðàç áëàãîäàðÿ ñíèæåíèþ óðîâíÿ ãðóíòîâûõ âîä â
ðàéîíå äðåíèðóåìîãî ñîîðóæåíèÿ èëè ãàøåíèþ íàïîðà, ïðîèñõîäÿùåìó ïðè ôèëüòðàöèè
ãðóíòîâîé âîäû â äðåíû. Ïðè ýòîì, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ,
ñîîðóæåíèÿ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ðàçãðóçî÷íîãî äðåíàæà ñòàíîâÿòñÿ áîëåå ýêîíîìè÷íûìè ïî
ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òåìè æå ñîîðóæåíèÿìè, ðàññ÷èòàííûìè íà âîñïðèÿòèå ïîëíîãî
ãèäðîñòàòè÷åñêîãî äàâëåíèÿ ãðóíòîâûõ âîä.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ê óñòðîéñòâó äðåíàæà, êàê ê
îñíîâíîìó ìåðîïðèÿòèþ ïî ðåìîíòó, ïðèáåãàþò òàêæå è â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà
ïîâðåæäåíèÿ â ñîîðóæåíèÿõ îò äàâëåíèÿ ãðóíòîâûõ âîä ïðîèñõîäÿò â ïåðèîä
ýêñïëóàòàöèè.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Äàâëåíèå ãðóíòîâûõ âîä íà
îáäåëêè ïîäçåìíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé âîçìîæíî ñíèçèòü åùå è ñ ïîìîùüþ
ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé öåìåíòàöèè ïîðîäû.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ îïòèìàëüíîå
ðåøåíèå ìîæåò äàòü ñî÷åòàíèå ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé öåìåíòàöèè è äðåíàæà.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Â íàñòîÿùèõ Óêàçàíèÿõ äàþòñÿ
ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ðàñ÷åòàì è êîíñòðóêöèÿì äðåíàæåé è ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé
öåìåíòàöèè ïîðîäû, ïðèâåäåíû ôîðìóëû äëÿ ôèëüòðàöèîííûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ äðåíàæåé è
ïðîòèâîôèëüòðàöèîííîé öåìåíòàöèè ñ ÷èñëîâûìè ïðèìåðàìè è ïðèìåðû èõ
êîíñòðóêöèé. Ïðè ñîñòàâëåíèè Óêàçàíèé èñïîëüçîâàíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ
è ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò, âûïîëíåííûõ â èíñòèòóòàõ ÃðóçÍÈÈÝÃÑ, «Ãèäðîïðîåêò» èìåíè
Ñ.ß. Æóêà, ÂÈÎÃÅÌ, ÖÍÈÈÑ Ìèíòðàíññòðîÿ è äð.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:14.15pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Óêàçàíèÿ ñîñòàâëåíû
Ãðóçèíñêèì íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì èíñòèòóòîì ýíåðãåòèêè è ãèäðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ
ñîîðóæåíèé (êàíä. òåõí. íàóê Â.Ì. Íàñáåðãîì), Âñåñîþçíûì
ïðîåêòíî-èçûñêàòåëüñêèì è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì èíñòèòóòîì «Ãèäðîïðîåêò»
èìåíè Ñ.ß. Æóêà (êàíä. òåõí. íàóê Í.ß. Âàéíøòåéíîì) è åãî Ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèì
îòäåëåíèåì (èíæ. Â.Ô. Èëþøèíûì).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
14.15pt;'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ñ öåëüþ óëó÷øåíèÿ íàñòîÿùèõ Óêàçàíèé ïðîñèì âñå çàìå÷àíèÿ è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
íàïðàâëÿòü ïî àäðåñó: Ìîñêâà, À-80, ÃÑÏ, Âîëîêîëàìñêîå øîññå, 2, Ãèäðîïðîåêò,
òåõíè÷åñêèé îòäåë.</span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a name=TO0000001><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Ìèíèñòåðñòâî ýíåðãåòèêè è
ýëåêòðèôèêàöèè ÑÑÑÐ</span></a></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Âåäîìñòâåííûå ñòðîèòåëüíûå íîðìû</span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Óêàçàíèÿ <br>
¹ ÂÑÍ 045-72 <br>
ÌÝèÝ ÑÑÑÐ </span></p>
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